Hi Folks, Here is more context to my post. I am reading the vCard RFC. (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6350) The RFC specifies number of occurrences this way: +-------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | Cardinality | Meaning | +-------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | Exactly one instance per vCard MUST be present. | | *1 | Exactly one instance per vCard MAY be present. | | 1* | One or more instances per vCard MUST be present. | | * | One or more instances per vCard MAY be present. | +-------------+--------------------------------------------------+ I interpreted that table this way: Cardinality = 1 means: minOccurs=1 and maxOccurs=1 Cardinality = *1 means: minOccurs=0 and maxOccurs=1 Cardinality = 1*means: minOccurs=1 and maxOccurs=unbounded Cardinality = * means: minOccurs=0 and maxOccurs=unbounded Do you agree? The RFC says this interesting thing: Elements with the same altid (alternative identifier) don’t count toward cardinality. /Roger |